Thursday 17 September 2020

On the Need to Distinguish Knowledge of Essential Properties from the Knowledge That They Are Essential

In one of my favourite papers about modal metaphysics, Rosen's 'The Limits of Contingency', Rosen develops the idea that there are two sets of modal notions which are apt to be conflated under the heading 'metaphysical modality'. Roughly: a correct conceivability modality, and a more properly metaphysical modality on which some things which are correctly conceivable are in any case not really possible.


In a recent paper, 'Correct Conceivability and its Role in the Epistemology of Modality' whichin a new book Les Principes Métaphysiques published by the College de France, Robert Michels considers an objection to Rosen's idea of a correct conceivability modality construed as giving an account of how considerrations about conceivability can takes us from non-modal to modal knowledge. I think this objection is based on a misunderstanding, as I will explain in this post. 


Let me quote from Michels, first to set the scene, and then to see the objection and the main responses Michels considers.

Correct Conceivability

The basic idea

10The correct conceivability-approach presupposes the Kripkean standard view of metaphysical modality and accordingly has to rule out modal errors, cases in which a state of affairs is conceivable, but not metaphysically possible. How this is done is nicely explained in the following mock-quote of Rosen’s “others”:

If the ancients could conceive a world in which water is an element, this is only because they were ignorant of certain facts about the natures of things. In particular, it is because they did not know what it is to be water. They did not know that to be water just is to be a certain compound of hydrogen and oxygen – that to be a sample of water just is to be a quantity of matter predominantly composed of molecules of H2O. This is not to say that they did not understand their word for water. But it’s one thing to understand a word, another to know the nature of its referent. The ancients could see no contradiction in the supposition that water is an element because they did not know that water is a compound by its very nature. But we know this; and given that we do, we can see that to suppose a world in which water is an element is to suppose a world in which a substance that is by nature a compound is not a compound. And that’s absurd. (Rosen 2006, p. 22-23)

11The idea is hence that in order to avoid modal error, conceivability needs to be supplemented by knowledge of the natures, or equivalently, essences of relevant entities, in this case the essence of (the property of being) water. Equipped with this knowledge, the conceiver is able to detect that the assumption that water is an element together with essential truths about the relevant entity entails an absurdity.

12The correct conceivability-approach hence gives us a simple and elegant explanation of why we are apt to make modal errors and a recipe for ruling them out. We tend to commit modal errors because we can conceive of states of affairs which are ruled out by relevant essences. To avoid these errors, we have to let our ability to conceive be guided by knowledge of the essences of relevant entities.

An objection to essence-based conceivability approaches and how it can be addressed

13There is a rather obvious objection to the correct conceivability-approach which should be mentioned: The approach crucially relies the conceiver having knowledge of essence, but essence itself is a modal notion. Doesn’t this mean that the notion of correct conceivability cannot answer the core question of modal epistemology, the question of how we can acquire modal knowledge?

  • 5 See for example Lowe (2012), Hale (2013, ch. 11), Tahko (2016), Tahko (2017). For a recent critical (...)

14


(End of quote.) 


Michels considers a number of responses, but not the following simple one which I think is correct.


Yes, the approach relies on the conceiver knowing that some thing has a property, where arguably that property is in fact an essential property of the thing. But the approach does not rely on the conceiver knowing that the thing essentially has that property.

The idea is not that people learned that water is essentially H2O and then on that basis, saw that water being simply an element is not correctly conceivable. Rather, they just learned that water is H2O, and then on the basis of their grasp of how the concept of water works, saw that water being an element is not correctly conceivable. The knowledge of essence, just like the knowledge of necessity (Fine taught us to disinguish the two), may perhaps also be accounted for along similar lines. But that's by the by. This objection simply doesn't get off the ground as far as I can see. 


This sort of confusion is not unique to Michels's paper. Phrases like 'knowledge of essence' and 'knowledge of necessity' are apt to blur this important sort of distinction, leading to mistakes in the epistemology of modality. 


References

Michels, Robert. Correct Conceivability and its Role in the Epistemology of Modality In : Les principes métaphysiques [en ligne]. Paris : Collège de France, 2020 (généré le 18 septembre 2020). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/cdf/8079>. ISBN : 9782722605350. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.cdf.8079.

Rosen, Gideon (2006). The limits of contingency. In Fraser MacBride (ed.), Identity and Modality. Oxford University Press. pp. 13--39.

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    2.Spell to win Lottery ( Herpes CURE Cure all types of disease)
    3.He cure all types of human diseases.HEPATITIS B
    4.He cast a spell to get a good job with high income.
    5.He cast a pregnancy's spell(fruitfulness of the worm)
    6.He cast a spell of promotion in your working place.
    7.He cast a spell of protection, etc.
    Contact him directly on his active Email address him at dr.ireneherbalhome@gmail.com
    WhatsApp Number +2348078793935
    Website: http://drireneherbalhomeblog.wordpress.com

    ReplyDelete
  34. Can't believe that I got cured from Genital Herpes through herbal treatment from Dr Maggi who I met through the internet, I actually couldn't believe it at first because it sounded impossible to me knowing how far I have gone just to get rid of it. Dr maggi send me his medicine which I took as instructed and here I am living a happy life once again, a big thanks to Dr maggi, I am sure there are many herbal doctors out there but Dr maggi did it for me, contact him drmaggiherbalhome@gmail.com , also call or whatsApp him on +1 (917) 979-6387.

    ReplyDelete
  35. Am giving this big thanks to Dr Iyoha for curing me from HERPES. I have been suffering from HERPES for the past years and i tried everything possible to get myself cured but i couldn't get any solution! until i decided to try herbal cure. That was how i got in contact with this great herbal doctor in an online research, i contacted him and demand for the cure and he send me the cure through UPS and gave me instructions on how to use it and after 3 week of taking the herbal medicine of Dr Iyoha i went to the hospital for check and to God be the glory i tested HERPES negative, (I am so glad to see myself HERPES negative once again). I’m very proud to express my happiness through this platform and to say a big thanks to Dr Iyoha for restoring my life back to normal. you can email him on dr.iyohasolutiontemple@yahoo.com or WhatsApp him now +1(857) 228-8347 or call : +1 407 337 9869 , if you are infected with HERPES virus or having any health problems you can contact Dr Iyoha and he will help you.

    ReplyDelete
  36. I have been suffering from (HERPES) disease for the last four years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year, I had faith in God that I would be healed someday.This disease started to circulate all over my body and I have been taking treatment from my doctor, a few weeks ago I came on search on the internet if I could get any information concerning the prevention of this disease, on my search I saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from (Hepatitis B and Cancer) by this Man Dr. Silver and she also gave the email address of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so I wrote to Dr. Silver telling him about my (HERPES Virus) he told me not to worry that I was going to be cured!! hmm i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later I started experiencing changes all over me as the Dr. assured me that I have cured, after some time i went to my doctor to confirmed if I have been finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advice is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can email Dr. Silver (drsilverhealingtemple@gmail.com) sir I am indeed grateful for the help I will forever recommend you to my friends!!! with your lovely Email Address ( drsilverhealingtemple@gmail.com or whatsapp +2348123877102

    ReplyDelete
  37. True life story that happened May 12th 2019..... I never believed in herbal cure,and i have spend lot of money and time in trying to get drugs from the hospital/clinic to get cured of my Herpes virus which i suffered from for 3 years and i was tired of ( acyclovir and valacyclovir ) drugs, herpes is a serious and recurring disease which can't be cured through drugs or injections by the American doctors but the best way to deal with herpes is by taking natural herbs medicine for it and is only few American doctors that know about this herbal medicine .. I have read about Dr Kham the great herbalist doctor from Africa who can cure disease with his powerful herbal medicine made with different combinations of natural roots, leaves and steams. For the people suffering from the following diseases, Herpes, Cancer, Als, Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV, Infertility Infections ETC should contact him for his herbal medicine because I am a living testimony and I was cured of herpes. Although, I sent him what he requested and he sent me his herbal medicine which I took for 2 weeks and today when I went for a test I was tested for herpes negative. you can reach him through his email dr.khamcaregiver@gmail.com or WhatsApp number:+2348159922297 or You can get in touch with him on his website: https://drkhamcaregiver.wixsite.com/drkhamcaregiverherba He will help you out

    ReplyDelete
  38. I'm 61 years old. I contracted HPV in 2011' I has be taking lot treatment for it and embarrassed some months ago the wart stated coming out seriously, I used lot recommendation because there was lot warts around my anus and was so . but today I'm totally happy I got the virus eliminated by using natural treatment from Dr voodoo herbal center after his treatment I got cured. all the warts went away' seriously believed Dr. voodoo he have the cure for human papillomavirus because he has eliminated hpv been in my body since 2011, Dr. voodoo make it possible for me. Here is Dr. voodoo email: voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com or WhatsApp him via +2348140120719 he is welled capable of curing terrible diseases.

    ReplyDelete
  39. All thanks to Dr Alli for curing my herpes virus/hpv with his herbal medicine, i do not have much to say but with all my life i will forever be grateful to him and God Almighty for using Dr Alli to reach me when i thought it was all over, today i am happy with my life again after the medical doctor have confirmed my HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS / HPV of 5 is gone,i have never in my life believed that HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS could be cured by herbal medicine. so i want to use this means to reach other persons who have this disease by testifying the power of Dr Alli that all hope is not lost yet, try and contact him by any means for any kind of disease with his email: ( Allispellhelp1@gmail.com ) or his whatsapp number +2348100772528 and get your healing

    ReplyDelete
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  41. I AM HERBALIST DR IRENE, I AM A WELL CERTIFIED LONG-ESTABLISHED HERBAL MEDICAL EXPERT. I AM A SENIOR HERBAL PRACTITIONER IN WEST AFRICAN TRADITIONAL HERBALISM, ALSO A GRADUATING STUDENT OF THE ANCIENT CHINESE HERBOLOGY.

    ”I CURE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HUMAN INFECTIONS AND DISEASES USING NATURAL ROOTS AND HERBS, MY MAJOR AREAS OF CONCENTRATION ARE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI), ALSO REFERRED TO AS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD) AND VENEREAL DISEASES (VD) LIKE;.” SUCH AS ; -GENITAL & SIMPLEX HERPES…
    -EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
    -PREDIABETES/DIABETES/DIABETES MELLITUS…
    -MENINGITIS…
    -MERS-COV…
    -HIV…
    -LEISHMANIASIS…
    -LOW SPERM COUNT…
    -SHIGELLA INFECTION…
    -SYPHILLIS
    -CANCER…
    -LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION…
    -STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS…
    -HEPATITIS…
    -SHINGLES…
    -YELLOW FEVER…
    -POLIO…
    -LUPUS…
    -STROKE…
    -FIBROID…
    -EPILEPSY…
    -TUBERCULOSIS…
    -LEUKAEMIA…
    -SICKLE CELL…
    -ASTHMA.. ETC.. NOTE: ALL MY MEDICATIONS ARE PURELY HERBAL, VERY EFFECTIVE AND POWERFUL SO THEY ARE FREE FROM SIDE EFFECTS.. -CURE YOURSELF FROM THAT INFECTION AND DISEASES TODAY, DON’T SPREAD YOUR INFECTION TO OTHER PEOPLE.
    CONTACT ME TODAY AND YOU WILL HAVE A TESTIMONY…

    Email address Mail:  dr.ireneherbalhome@gmail.com

    Also whatsapp us on +2348078793935

    Dr.Irene Web: www.drireneherbalhomeblog.wordpress.com

    ReplyDelete
  42. My husband and I have been married for about 7 yrs now. We were happily married with two kids, a boy and a girl. 3 months ago, I started to notice some strange behavior from him and a few weeks later I found out that my husband is seeing someone. He started coming home late from work, he hardly cared about me or the kids anymore, Sometimes he goes out and doesn't even come back home for about 2-3 days. I did all I could to rectify this problem but all to no avail. I became very worried and needed help. As I was browsing through the Internet one day, I came across a website that suggested that Dr OKU can help solve marital problems, restore broken relationships and so on. So, I felt I should give him a try. I contacted him and he did a spell for me. Two days later, my husband came to me and apologized for the wrongs he did and promised never to do it again. Ever since then, everything has returned back to normal. My family and I are living together happily again.. All thanks to Dr OKU. If you need a spell caster that can cast a spell that truly works, I suggest you contact him. He will not disappoint you. This is his Email: (okutemple@gmail.com) or WhatsApp him (+2348163425519)

    ReplyDelete
  43. GET YOUR EX LOVER TO RESTORE YOUR BROKEN RELATIONSHIP, MARRIAGE RESTORED.

    I’m just upset that I have been in pain and crying for so long and many times. Thank you dromokpo@gmail.com
    I wished I would have found you earlier, you would have saved me from a lot of pain for the past five years my ex lover left me for another woman in just 2 days i contacted you Dr Omokpo you brought my broken relationship back
    I spent a small fortune enough to take my dream trip to South Carolina but what’s the point in taking a dream trip without the love of my life. Dr Omokpo has given me hope and his honesty is a breath of fresh air, I feel so good and heavy happiness in my heart to get my ex lover back. Who I thought he was gone forever. We are married now as I share my testimony with you. If you have broken relationship or broken marriage or you want to get your ex lover back kindly contact: dromokpo@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete


  44. Are you battling with any health related issues or infection is not the end of your life, why not contact a herbal practitioner for cure Dr Irene has herbal remedies and permanent solution for all your health related problems' recommend him to you today only because i have also used his herbal medicine and it worked perfectly on my health problem, you can actually save yourself from giving your hard earned money to Scammers if only you can contact Dr Irene today for genuine and Permanent cure herbal products . Pls help share this post to save yourself and your loved ones. Dr Irene is specialize in these areas, Permanent herbal supplements for anxiety and depression, HIV/AIDS, Diabetes, Epilepsy, Blood, Cancer, HPV, ALS, herpes etc. also Email: drireneherbalcure@gmail.com or WhatsApp him on +2348078793935

    ReplyDelete
  45. I contacted herpes' I was told there is no herpes cure except treatment to
    control it. I totally lost hope. All I could think was losing my life it
    was so embarrassing to have this virus, few weeks ago I ready about a
    possible natural herbs cure which was guaranteed. And I ordered the natural
    herbs treatment from Dr voodoo after some weeks I got 100? cure. Now I'm so
    excited to share this testimony contact Dr voodoo WhatsApp number
    +2348140120719 also e-mail him at: voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  46. Hi Friends i am so glad to writing this article today to tell the world how Dr ebhojie cured my HSV VIRUS,i have been detected with HSV-1 AND HSV-2 since five years ago, ever since then my life has been in complete bizarre and agony,i have used so many drugs that was prescribed to me by several doctors,but it didn't cure my HSV VIRUS neither did it reduce the pain,until a certain i was checking for solution in the internet,then miraculously came across Dr ebhojie the powerful herbalist that cure numerous individuals HSV-1 AND HSV-2 INFECTION,then i contacted his whatsApp number at +2348143065317 or email: ebhojiesolutionhome@gmail.com i explained everything to him and prepared a cure that cure my HSV-1 AND HSV-2 disease totally after receiving his herbal medicine, so my friends viewers why wait and be suffer when there is someone like Dr ebhojie that can cure any disease HIV/ CANCER/ HEPATITIS B VIRUS, you can contact his via : ebhojiesolutionhome@gmail.com or WHATSAPP +2348143065317

    ReplyDelete
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